生產(chǎn)管理、工藝設(shè)計(jì)中的物料衡算，可以這樣做！

portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; text-indent: 0em;">通過物料衡算食品生產(chǎn)企業(yè)可以確定各品種主要原輔材料的portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 22.5px; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">采購量、運(yùn)輸量和倉庫儲(chǔ)存量portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; text-indent: 0em;">；包裝材料的需要量和儲(chǔ)存量，亦可對(duì)應(yīng)確定生產(chǎn)各品種過程中所需設(shè)備的配置、員工數(shù)量、各類倉庫的面積，以及生產(chǎn)過程中的加工用水、蒸汽等各類能耗的需要量等。

portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px; text-indent: 0em;">物料衡算的是以工廠的技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)定額指標(biāo)或經(jīng)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)為基礎(chǔ)。

portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">這些基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)取決于原料品種和成熟度、新鮮度、操作條件、生產(chǎn)流程、機(jī)械化程度等。一般來說，當(dāng)食品企業(yè)是對(duì)老廠進(jìn)行改造后的產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行物料衡算時(shí)，一般按該廠原有的技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)定額為計(jì)算依據(jù)；當(dāng)食品企業(yè)是對(duì)新建廠房的產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行物料衡算時(shí)，則以參考產(chǎn)品類型、加工條件等相似的食品企業(yè)為基礎(chǔ)，結(jié)合新建廠房實(shí)際情況進(jìn)行適當(dāng)調(diào)整而得出。

portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 22.5px; font-size: 15px;">物料衡算的計(jì)算，主要是根據(jù)物質(zhì)平衡的原理，即總投入量與經(jīng)過加工處理后所得成品和損耗量相平衡。加工過程中投入的原輔料按正值計(jì)算，物料損失以負(fù)值計(jì)入。這樣就可以計(jì)算出原輔料的消耗量，繪制出物料平衡圖。計(jì)算時(shí)多以“班”為基礎(chǔ)。物料衡算的計(jì)算步驟大致可分為以下幾步：

portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">portant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">一、物料衡算示意圖

portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 22.5px; font-size: 15px;">按規(guī)定的工藝?yán)L制物料衡算示意圖。圖中用箭頭標(biāo)出各物料的portant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">進(jìn)出方向、數(shù)量、組成及溫度、壓力等條件，并用符號(hào)標(biāo)明待求物的未知量，繪出物料流向示意圖。

portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">portant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">二、收集有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)

portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 22.5px; font-size: 15px;">收集有關(guān)portant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">生產(chǎn)規(guī)模、生產(chǎn)班次及班產(chǎn)量、有關(guān)的消耗定額、得率、轉(zhuǎn)化率等基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)。必要時(shí)可參照同類產(chǎn)品的計(jì)算數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行計(jì)算。

portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">portant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">三、選定計(jì)算基準(zhǔn)

portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 22.5px; font-size: 15px;">進(jìn)行物料計(jì)算，選取生產(chǎn)過程中不起變化的一個(gè)量作為計(jì)算基準(zhǔn)。一般新建食品廠的工藝設(shè)計(jì)都是以“班產(chǎn)量”為計(jì)算基準(zhǔn)，以單位產(chǎn)品的原輔材料、包裝材料耗用量進(jìn)行計(jì)算。

portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">portant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">每班原料耗用量=單位產(chǎn)品原料耗用量×班產(chǎn)量

portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">portant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">每班各輔助材料耗用量=單位產(chǎn)品輔助材料耗用量×班產(chǎn)量

portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">portant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">每班包裝材料耗用量=單位產(chǎn)品包裝材料耗用量×班產(chǎn)量

portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">portant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">每班外包裝材料耗用量=單位產(chǎn)品外包裝材料耗用量×班產(chǎn)量

portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 22.5px; font-size: 15px;">若一個(gè)工廠生產(chǎn)多種產(chǎn)品,則可以先計(jì)算每一種產(chǎn)品用量后再進(jìn)行匯總，進(jìn)而確定各類倉庫容量。進(jìn)行物料衡算時(shí)，一般按下列通式進(jìn)行計(jì)算：

portant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 22.5px;">∑M_{portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 22.5px; vertical-align: sub; font-size: 15px;">入}portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 22.5px;">=∑M_{portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 22.5px; vertical-align: sub; font-size: 15px;">出}portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 22.5px;">+∑M_{portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 22.5px; vertical-align: sub; font-size: 15px;">損}

portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 22.5px;">四、整理計(jì)算結(jié)果

portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 22.5px; font-size: 15px;">將物料衡算的結(jié)果加以整理，記入物料衡算表或繪制物料平衡表

portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(255, 192, 0);">1、物料平衡表

portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">物料平衡表的格式可參考下表建立

portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">現(xiàn)以班產(chǎn)量1000kg為基準(zhǔn)，食品規(guī)格為20g的乳味餅干的簡單例子，進(jìn)行計(jì)算：

portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">（1）其配方和各原輔料用量如下：

portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 22.5px; font-size: 15px;">面粉用量：60%班產(chǎn)量=600kg      

portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 22.5px; font-size: 15px;">白砂糖：6%班產(chǎn)量=60kg

portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 22.5px; font-size: 15px;">水：40%班產(chǎn)量=400kg      

portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 22.5px; font-size: 15px;">酵母：0.4%班產(chǎn)量=4kg

portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 22.5px; font-size: 15px;">食用鹽：5%班產(chǎn)量=50kg  

portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">植物油：3%班產(chǎn)量=30kg

portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 22.5px; font-size: 15px;">乳粉：5%班產(chǎn)量=50kg       

portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 22.5px; font-size: 15px;">雞蛋：3%班產(chǎn)量=30kg

portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 22.5px; font-size: 15px;">注：此配方僅作計(jì)算示例用，不具有實(shí)際意義。

portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 22.5px; font-size: 15px;">（2）計(jì)算擠壓、成型、焙烤的正常損失量

portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 22.5px; font-size: 15px;">總投料量為：600+60+500+4+50+30+50+30=1224kg

portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 22.5px; font-size: 15px;">正常損失比例=（總投料量-成品質(zhì)量）/總投料量=（1224-1000）/1324≈17%

portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 22.5px; font-size: 15px;">則生產(chǎn)1000kg餅干的正常損失量=正常損失比例×成品質(zhì)量=17%×1000kg=170kg

portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 22.5px; font-size: 15px;">注：在實(shí)際生產(chǎn)中還需考慮到正常操作過程損耗、廢品和邊角料等因素。

portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 22.5px; font-size: 15px;">（3）繪制餅干生產(chǎn)物料平衡圖